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abs Bacteria concept - 3d rendered microbiology image. Medical research, health-care concept.

Bioinformatics into TB surveillance: A new approach to an ancient foe

David Ussery, a Professor in the Department of BioMedical Informatics at UAMS, and his Ph.D. student Brian Delavan discuss bioinformatics into TB surveillance, presenting a new approach to tackling this ancient foe.
Figure 1. Landmarks of the peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation (PICC). LC = lamina cribrosa. BM = Bruch’s membrane (dashed red arrow). SF = scleral flange, the sclera between the dura and the pia mater. D = dura mater. PICC (red star) is in front of the subarachnoid space (yellow star). It is a suprachoroidal detachment. It is suggested to be promoted by a direct traction force (blue arrow) of the dura mater during eye movements. A tangential component of this traction force squeezes the choroid at the end of the posterior outpouching (red arrowheads). The device used is the Spectral Domain OCT Spectralis® HRA-OCT, model S3300 (Heidelberg Engineering GmbH, Heidelberg Germany). Note: Reprinted from Peripapillary Intrachoroidal Cavitation. Adèle Ehongo et al. ‘J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 4712’ Originally published by and used with permission from MDPI.

Understanding the link between PICC and myopic complications

Dr Adèle Ehongo discusses the pathogenesis of peripapillary intra-choroidal cavitation and its implications for myopic complications.
Fig. 1. Measuring surface tension with a) surface waves and b) in vapour channels

Does surface tension above boiling temperature still exist?

It remains unclear whether boiling metal surfaces can still show surface tension, says Prof Dr-Ing. Jörg Volpp, Associate Professor at University West, Trollhättan in Sweden.
Figure: Top left & right: Depiction of an epigenetic Waddington landscape with various cell types illustrating the hierarchical process of differentiation (left) and how this process is altered in cancer (right). Top middle: diagram to illustrate how the normal multipotent cell suppresses tissue-specific transcription factors via an easily reversible epigenetic modification called H3K27me3. These H3K27me3 marks are removed once a cell differentiates into one that carries out a specific function in the tissue/organ (‘differentiated cells’). In cancer, the suppression by H3K27me3 is replaced by promoter DNA methylation, which is stable and leads to irreversible and increased suppression of tissue-specific transcription factors. CancerStemID can estimate the transcription factor inactivation load (TFIL) for any given cell. Bottom left: Illustration of how TFIL could identify the cells that are more stem-like and which drive cancer progression. Bottom middle: Heatmap of inactivation events of esophageal specific transcription factors in single cells from a precursor cancer lesion (low and high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia-LGIN/HGIN) in the human esophagus, with cells sorted by the TFIL. Bottom right: Violin plots displaying the significant association between TFIL and dedifferentiation, and between TFIL and a cancer risk score computed as relative similarity between a precancerous cell and those found in invasive cancer.

Predicting cancer risk with computational biology

Andrew Teschendorff, Professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is developing computational systems-biological tools to identify cells at risk of turning cancerous.
Macro shot of Colorful fluid acrylic paint

The microbiome and aging: Unlocking new frontiers in healthy longevity

Research conducted by the USF Microbiomes Institute and the MiaGB Consortium is uncovering the significant link between microbial communities and host biology. This understanding could lead to new therapies for age-related conditions. Shalini Jain, Christian Brechot, and Hariom Yadav provide further insights.
Figure 1. Systemic immune responses elicited by oral dmLT-saponin combinations compared to injected vaccines (A) Cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) image of the dmLT and saponin formulation demonstrating the formation of acid-stable micelle particles upon the addition of saponin to dmLT. (B) Preclinical evaluation of systemic serum IgG and IgA antibody responses following prime/boost vaccination. Antibody levels against the microbial protein antigen included in the vaccination were assessed two weeks post-final vaccination in immunized mice. Groups were stratified by vaccination route (intramuscular [IM] or sublingual [SL]) and adjuvant formulation (dmLT [D] and/or saponin [S]). Comparisons with unvaccinated controls (white bars) are shown. Statistical significance between groups is indicated (*P < 0.05), with the SL D+S group achieving the best IgG and IgA responses to vaccine antigen.

New strategies for an old problem – Oral vaccines research

Despite their advantages, oral vaccines encounter several challenges. Professor Elizabeth Norton from Tulane University discusses how her team is addressing these issues and their research on developing and testing dmLT and saponin combination adjuvants.
FIGURE 1 shows the basic steps required to obtain genetic phase or haplotyping for the HLA system in a potential bone marrow transplant recipient without resorting to family studies. Studies to date have shown superior outcomes in haplotype-matched recipient/donor pairs compared to those matched for individual alleles at multiple HLA loci. (Kitcharoen, Petersdorf, Maskalana)

Single chromosome sequencing to obtain genetic phase (haplotyping)

Brian Tait, Chief Scientific Officer at Haplomic Technologies Pty Ltd, examines single chromosome sequencing to obtain genetic phase (haplotyping).
Cinchona (Cinchona officinalis). Called Fever tree also

A legacy of medicine and biodiversity: Protecting the cinchona tree

The endangered Cinchona officinalis, native to the Andean foothills, produced the world’s first anti-malarial drug. Augusta Cueva-Agila explains why it is crucial to conserve this species and how conservation efforts can be implemented.
Figure 1. Comparison of prediction models in A) two-dimensional (2D) and B) three-dimensional (3D) analyses. The 2D model demonstrates a poor-fitting linear relationship constrained by limited variables. In contrast, the 3D model incorporates an additional dimension, providing a better fit and improved predictive accuracy. This highlights how multi-dimensional analysis, such as those enabled by machine learning, can uncover more complex relationships within heterogeneous clinical and biological data.

Predicting cochlear implant performance: Moving beyond single biomarkers and leveraging artificial intelligence

Matthew Shew, Amit Walia, and Craig A. Buchman highlight that the significant variability in speech perception among cochlear implant users can be addressed by using a multi- faceted approach that incorporates emerging technologies like machine learning and artificial intelligence to improve outcome prediction models.
Neuroengineering with engineered endosymbionts: Schematic of plan to use engineered endosymbionts for guided induction of dopaminergic neurons from astrocytes or neural stem cells in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model—external signal for control could be chemical or magnetothermal.

Neuroengineering with engineered endosymbionts

Christopher H. Contag and Ahmed A. Zarea from Michigan State University’s Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering explore therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative diseases using a novel strategy based on engineered endosymbionts systems that could revolutionize patient care.

The role of host condition and environment on infection outcome

Brian P. Lazzaro from Cornell University discusses his research on the factors influencing immune response and infection outcome, drawing on powerful experimental systems, such as Drosophila melanogaster as a model host, to gain a deeper understanding of foundational biological processes.
Team of Medical Research Scientists Conduct Experiments with Help of Microscope, Test Tubes, Micropipette and Desktop Computer. Modern Biological Applied Science Laboratory with Diverse Colleagues.

Exposomics: A shift in biomedical research with potential to improve human health

Recent advances in exposomics offer an exciting opportunity to comprehensively catalog human exposures and link them to biological responses determining health and disease. Pamela J. Lein, Ph.D. from the University of California, tells us more.
Bilayer Lipid Membrane - 3d rendered image of Cell Membrane Phospholipid Structure, Phospholipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Abstract medical illustration. Microscopic view. Microbiologic research concept.

Cell biology research: The mystery of cholesterol homeostasis

Kazumitsu Ueda, PhD from Kyoto University, WPI-iCeMS, unveils the mystery of cholesterol homeostasis in this cell biology research focus.
Jasper National Park in Alberta Canada

Helping biodiversity conservation with modelling

Professor Guillaume Blanchet from Université de Sherbrooke discusses how modelling can aid in the conservation of biodiversity.

Primate exposure to anthropogenic pollutants: An overlooked conservation concern

Michael Wasserman of Indiana University discusses research on wild primate exposure to endocrine disruptors, such as pesticides, flame retardants, and phytoestrogens.
3d illustration of clostridium bacteria

An ancient therapy modernized for Clostridioides Difficile therapy

Clostridioides difficile is a type of bacteria that often affects people who have been taking antibiotics. Glenn S. Tillotson of GST Micro LLC explains how live biotherapeutic products have shown promise as a safe and effective treatment to help restore the normal gut microbiome.
Figure 1: Ratios of the concentrations of Sodium ions [Na+] and Potassium ions [K+] in water on land and in the sea vs in living cells and in blood.

Is there an elephant in the room of research on the origins of life?

Helen Greenwood Hansma, from the University of California at Santa Barbara, questions if there is an elephant in the room of research when it comes to the origins of life.
Training and citizen engagement to tackle soil health challenges

Training and citizen engagement to tackle soil health challenges

The ECHO project approach in tackling soil health challenges through soil literacy and citizen engagement.

Asbestos, the pleural cavity, and autoimmune disease

Jean C. Pfau, Ph.D. from the Center for Asbestos-Related Disease and Kinta Serve from Idaho State University, provide their perspective on asbestos, the pleural cavity, and autoimmune disease.
Endoscopic view of flowing red blood cells in a vein, illustration render

Ciliary biomarkers for vascular health

Ramani Ramchandran, Professor at the Medical College of Wisconsin, investigates ciliary biomarkers for diagnosing and prognosing vascular health.
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