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Figure 1. The value chain of crystalline silicon photovoltaic module manufacture, from silicon to wafers to cells and modules, shows the share of production in different countries (comparing the years 2010 and 2021). Recycling and recovery of materials from PV modules at the end-of-life is an industry at its initial stages.

Can Europe recover its photovoltaic manufacturing capacity?

Antonio Urbina, from the Department of Sciences and Institute for Advanced Materials and Mathematics (INAMAT2), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), based at Pamplona in...

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