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Figure 1. Chemical evolution of type I and type II tRNAs. 3 31 nucleotide minihelices of known sequence were linked to form the 93 nucleotide tRNA precursor, which was processed to type I and type II tRNAs by internal 9 nucleotide deletion(s). The colors are consistent with the model. Molecular graphics were done using ChimeraX

Transfer RNA as a written molecular history of the life transition on earth

Zachary Burton, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, reports on tRNA (transfer RNA) as a written molecular history of the pre-life to life transition on Earth ~4 billion years ago.

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